https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00414-5
Regular Article
Russian propaganda on social media during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine
1
LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
2
Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Munich, Germany
3
University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Received:
6
February
2023
Accepted:
25
August
2023
Published online:
12
September
2023
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was accompanied by practices of information warfare, yet existing evidence is largely anecdotal while large-scale empirical evidence is lacking. Here, we analyze the spread of pro-Russian support on social media. For this, we collected 
messages from Twitter with pro-Russian support. Our findings suggest that pro-Russian messages received ∼251,000 retweets and thereby reached around 14.4 million users. We further provide evidence that bots played a disproportionate role in the dissemination of pro-Russian messages and amplified its proliferation in early-stage diffusion. Countries that abstained from voting on the United Nations Resolution ES-11/1 such as India, South Africa, and Pakistan showed pronounced activity of bots. Overall, 20.28% of the spreaders are classified as bots, most of which were created at the beginning of the invasion. Together, our findings suggest the presence of a large-scale Russian propaganda campaign on social media and highlight the new threats to society that originate from it. Our results also suggest that curbing bots may be an effective strategy to mitigate such campaigns.
Key words: Social media / Online spreading / Propaganda / Bots / Russo-Ukraine war
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00414-5.
© The Author(s) 2023
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