https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00630-9
Research
Rap as a social reflection: a quantitative analysis of social conditions and lyrical expressions
1
Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
2
School of Public Policy and Management, Korea Development Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
4
School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
a
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b
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Received:
5
September
2025
Accepted:
12
February
2026
Published online:
2
March
2026
Abstract
Rap music, often scrutinized for its portrayal of violence, misogyny, materialism, and drug use, can serve as a compelling case study for empirically exploring how art reflects its time. While existing literature has documented a purported increasing trend of these themes, investigations that consider the social conditions during song production remain scarce. By analyzing 26,438 rap singles released in the United States from 1990 to 2015, we find that the prevalence of these lyrical themes does not show a consistent upward trajectory. Instead, they exhibit significant temporal fluctuations, with each following a distinct pattern. Furthermore, our analysis reveals a strong contemporaneous correlation between these lyrical fluctuations and their corresponding national social indicators, including rates for crime, sexual assault, poverty, and DEA arrests. Crucially, this correlation becomes significantly stronger when using social statistics specific to Black Americans. These findings provide large-scale empirical evidence that art is a sensitive reflection of the social and economic realities of the time, offering insights into how deep-seated social problems are depicted through artistic expression.
Key words: Music / Rap and hiphop / Computational content analysis / Word embeddings / Cultural production and social conditions
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00630-9.
Handling Editor: Stefano Cresci
Minsu Park and Jaehyuk Park contributed equally to this work.
© The Author(s) 2026
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